TOYOTA's Future

On November 6, the Toyota Motor Corporation cut down the estimate of consolidated acccounting for 2009. The result was 73.6% down fron the previous term. The following day, the Nikkei average in the Tokyo exchange market dropped so sharply that it was temporarily 633 yens down from the previous day. This phenomenon was named the "Toyota Shock".

The reasons for Toyota's downward revision were slackening in the North American market as well as the loss of dollar's and Euro's depreciation due to the global financial crisis. Actually, it is becuase the sales in the North American market which Toyota has been tapping by active global development was going well that Toyota has been making a good sales record while the domestic market was diminishing. At present, Toyota is trying to raise the automobile demand by the zero interest rate loan and the release of low price city car,Toyota iQ. However, the profit rates of these are so low that the total recovery is quite difficult.

So, Toyota is now working on the project named the "Innovative International Multi-purpose Vehicle", or "IMV". This strategy makes the profit free from the demand in each country and the exchange market because overseas bases provide the components and the products mutually in this strategy. It is the strategy for the developing countries. where the automobile demand will keep growing.

Also, Toyota has the project of the plug-in hybrid vehicle, or PHV, for the developed countries. This vehicle, which you can charge by the home electricity,  is going to be release in 2009. It is expected to promote replacement of gasoline engine vehicle and diesel engine vehicle.

Still, there is a perspective that the automobile market is already finishing its growth. For more sustainable growth, Toyota must change over its priority from automobile. Is toyota prepared for that change?

The answer is "Yes". First, Toyota may challenge the aerospace industry. The symptom is the investment in the project of the Mitsubishi Regional Jet, or MRJ, by the Mitsubishi Aircraft Corporation, which is the subsidiary of the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Originally Toyota was seeking the way to the aircraft industry in its starting period. However, the production of the military tracks were preceded under the war economy during World War II so the aircraft project was suspended. After that, while Toyota was suffering from the danger of bankrupt due to the post-war depression, the dream for aircraft was forgotten. The investment in the MRJ may be a big step for the dream in its starting period.

 The aerospace industry was diminishing these days because of the fear of international terrorism, the high crude oil price, and the depression due to the global financial crisis. But it is just a temporary tendency because it is a historic trend that the exchange of people, materials, money, information will accelerate much more by globalization. Especially, the Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd, of which Toyota is the primary stockholder, has the aerospace section. It will be a strong asset when Toyota participate in the aerospace industry in the future.

Second, Toyota has the potential to become a excellent management consulting company. There are many companies in Japan that send their members to learn the Toyota Production System, or TPS. And, this trend is now spreading to overseas. The giant in the aerospace industry sent their members to Toyota to learn the TPS for the project of its new aircraft Boeing 787.

Boeing used to control the development of all components directly by directing its subcontractors in detail. However, as s result of learning the TPS, Boeing is now leaving its partners even the design of the components. Boeing can now concentrate on the key technology and play a role as the integrator who integrates the whole project, unlike what it used to do. This new method enable it to lower the cost of development and to enrich the key elements necessary to differentiate its products from those of its rivals. The main keywords of the TPS, such as "Just in Time", "Kaizen", "Kanban", have become the english words of global standard in economic area.

It is not only to the manufacturing industry that the TPS is now applied. De-industrialization is essential for the developed countries to keep their sustainable progress. That is the fate of the developed countries. However, Toyota can survive and even progress as an excellent management consulting company in the 21st century.

The Trend toward Global Cooling?

On November 18, the first snow and the first frost were observed among many parts of Japan. The first snow was observed earlier than usual in a broad range of areas in Japan although it was observed later than usual in some high latitudes such as Sapporo in Hokkaido and and in some mountainous areas. In recent years, the snow has been rarely observed in most of the flat areas of Japan in November. This trend is not confined to Japan. In London, it snowed in October for the first time in 74 years since 1934. Why is it so early to get cold in a broad range of areas in the world? It seemed to be because there were many cloudy or rainy days from spring to summer this year. So, what made so much cloud arise this year? The cause can be seen in the solar activity.

From last year to this year, the number of the sunspots has been in minimum. The number of the sunspots indicates the solar activity. When the solar activity diminishes, the solar wind, which is the rapid flow of plasma shot from the solar surface, gets weaker. The solar wind pushes back the cosmic ray from outside the solar system. That is that the more the solar activity diminishes, to the more cosmic ray Earth gets explosed.

The cosmic ray is also the rapid flow of plasma. Once the cosmic ray comes in the atmosphere of Earth, it inonizes the atoms in the atmosphere. Then, the ionized atoms act as the condensation nuclei, and more cloud gets formed.
This mechanism is called the Svensmark effect named after a Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark, which is still no more than a hypothesis. In a short words, when the solar activity diminishes, the more cosmic ray come into the atmosphere, and more cloud gets formed.

Therefore, it is natural that it is cool all over the world this year. The last year was notable for the heat waves, but it might have been a temporary phenomenon caused by La Niña. If so, it is not entirely inconceivable that Earth is heading for global cooling. Of course it is possible that the cold waves of this year is also just a temporary phenomenon.

Thus, there are many factors on global climate. We need to take all these factors into consideration on discussing climate change.

Will the United States Make the Same Mistake as the Past World Empires?

In my previous article, I pointed that a serious problem lurks in the US behind the election of Barack Obama. That is that the rise of the conservative hard liners came to the surface under the Bush Administration. They rather blindly believe in their own dogma than tackle actual problems rationally. They do not try to have dialog with those who have different opinions. This means the crisis in democracy that is the philosophy of the American politics because the essence of democracy is not just the majority decision but the decision through the free and open discussion between those who have different opinions. Obama gained a wide range of supports by advocating the unification of the country, but the possibility cannot be overlooked that the serious confrontation arises as some of conservative hard liners resist the birth of the first black president. 

The US has been reigning as the leader of the world for about 60 years since World War II. However, each of the past great world empires such as the Roman Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the British Empire declined after all. Will the US make the same mistake as the past great world empires?  In fact, the symptom seems to be coming to the surface.

The cause of it is the Iraq War. As the Bush Administration started the Iraq War with public opinion still divided, the confrontation between the supporters and the opponents has become quite serious and the crack between them has escalated to almost an unrestorable level. As a result, both of them shuts their ears to each other and dialog between them has been lost. That is the crisis in democracy. Also, as the Iraq War has sticked in the mud, the international prestige of the US has seriously damaged. At present, there are few countries that have trust i the US. Furthermore, the recession that originated from the subprime shock has escalated to a global financial crisis by the bankrupt of the Lehman Brothers in September this year. It seems certain that the US is heading for its decline.

However, we cannot make light of the US. In the past, the US has experienced similar crises many times. But, every time it faced a national crisis, a strong leader such as Lincoln, Roosevelt, Kennedy, Reagan appeared to overcome it. Whenever the country drops into a crisis, such  a strong leader appears to overcome it. That is the American history.

Why is it possible? The biggest difference between the past hegemony countries and the US is that the US is the only ideal country, which is formed not by ethnicity but by ideals, in the hegemony countries that have ever existed. The US could gather diverse talents from all over the world because it is the country based on ideals which attract people all over the world where ethnicity does not matter. Therefore, self-purification functions in the US and it could and can keep the position as a superpower although it sometimes drops into arrogance and self-satisfaction. Moreover, the US is the only ideal country that has never collapsed. In the past, too, there were some countries based not on ethnicity but on ideals such as the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia. But they have lasted for less than 100 years and finally they has collapsed. This fact shows the difficulty in keeping the country not based on ethnicity. However, the US has overcome that difficulty by openness and dynamism originating from it. This is the difference from the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia.

In this election, too, a strong leader appeared to overcome the present crisis. That is shown in the highest poll rate after World War II, that is 64.1%. Incidentally, 1960's election has the second highest poll rate after W.W.II, and in that election a strong leader Kennedy became the president. In fact, the election of this year showed a surge of American people. That is not only because of the hope for the change the President-elect Obama advocated, but also because his counterpart John McCain was a marvelous statesman worth the presidency. In fact, McCain's graceful defeat address was enough to make us expect a forward change in the US. To be sure, it is a inevitable way if the US fall into disorder by the birth of the first black president. However, he fight between Obama and McCain was enough marvelous to make us feel that the US will go over that hardship. 

However, there are other fears by the birth of President Obama. The first fear is that Obama may return to protectionism following the traditional Democratic ideology. Globalization of economy is now essential both to developed countries and to developing countries for their progress. Developed countries needs foreign developing markets because their domestic markets will not expand largely. Developing countries need technology suppliers and their export destinations to catch up developed countries. If Obama turns to protectionism, the US international competitiveness will rapidly deteriorate, and the negative impact will rebound on the US domestic economy. Also, we should not forget the history that bloc economy leaded to World War II.

The second fear is that the US prestige may deteriorate much more as the young new president who does not have enough experience gets made light of by hostile countries. It is clear that the US must return ton international cooperation and Obama is seen to take the US diplomacy toward this direction. However, the purpose of international cooperation must be pursuit for the national interest by recovering the world's faith in the US. If the US make a one-way concession without considering the purpose, the hostile countries which hold international problems such as Iran or North Korea will strengthen their influence. If so, the world order will collapse and the international trust in the US will fall down. It is unsure whether Obama has a comparable ability to McCain, who is strong for diplomacy, national security, and military affairs. McCain said in his defeat address that he would support Obama leading the country. McCain will be the most earnest criticizer and cooperator for President Obama.

The US Presidential Election IV - The Problem in the US Seen through McCain's Defeat

On November 4, a long fight came to an end. In the US Presidential Election, the Democrat candidate Senator Barack Obama defeated the Republican candidate Senator John McCain for the 44th the President of the United States, against my prospect of McCain's victory. At this time, I will discuss the cause of McCain's defeat not only because it is the responsibility of who made a mistaken prediction, but also because it will show the problem the US has now.

The biggest reason for McCain's defeat was that he failed in unifying the Republicans. It was Colin Powell's annoucement of the support for Barack Obama that symbolized it. On the other hand, Barack Obama succeeded in uniting the Democrats by October although the Democratic Primary had been dragged until June. Why McCain failled? The reason becomes clear when you see his some supporters during the campaign.

Originally, McCain takes a liberal stance in the Republic Party. Therefore, it was expected that he could gather a wide support from the centrists and the realists. But he was not expected to be supported from the hard liners, who had remarkable influence on the election of George W. Bush. Therefore, he appointed the Alaskan Governor Sarah Palin. After her appointment, McCain leaded Obama in the Gallup poll. I thought that McCain's victory became sure, but it seems to have been a failure.

There were some fanatics in McCain's supporters who shouted "Kill Obama!" during McCain's speech. After McCain calmed them, they started booing at him. Liberals and centrists felt their danger. That is why McCain lost the supports from liberals which was his biggest strong point.

This is an extreme example. However, there is also a more moderate example that shows the inflexibility of the Republican consevertives. That is the financial crisis that accelerated since the bankrupt of Lehman Brothers in September. The Bush Administration reacted at once, and proposed the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act. However, it was once rejected by the House of the Representatives. This rejection was alomost by Republican congressmen because the bailout is strongly against their traditional sense of value, the small government. They chose to adhere to fundamentalism, not to solve the present problem flexibly. McCain made every effort for the legislation of the act, but he could not persuade his party.

Among the present Republican conservatives, there are increasing who adhere to the ideologistic and abstract slogans, not to the practical policy. Such attitude leaded to the Iraq War. The neo-con made a mistake because they adhered not to the realistic diplomacy for the nationatl interest, but to their dogmatic ideal of spreading democracy to all over the world. Also, among the Republican supporters, there are increasing the influence of the Christian right who insist that schools should teach the Intelligent Design theory denying geology and Darwin's evolution theory.

It seems because of the cautiousness against the rise of the fundamentalism such as the Christian right that Colin Powell announced his support for Barack Obama although his stance is more closer to McCain.

In the end of October, the racist group was arrested for planning the assassination of Barack Obama. I cannot help feeling that dark clouds hung heavily over the American future while the whole country is up about the birth of the third youngest and the first black President.

The US Presidential Election III - McCain Will Win

The United States Presidential Election entered the last stage. In the article of June 16, ''The US Presidential Election I - Why Americans Refused Hillary Clinton", I pointed that what the US needs now is the leader who can reunite the county. Also, I pointed that Senator John McCain and Senator Barack Obama both has the makings of it. Because the former 2004 presidential election ended in just a fight between second-rate candidates, the election of this time has warmed up.

Now, which candidate will win the election to be the next US president? Before answering this question, I will review the vice-presidential candidates, who are the partners of the presidential candidates.

At the Democratic National Convention held in August 25 to 28, Senator Barack Obama was nominated for the Democrat presidential candidate and named Senator Joseph Biden for the vice-presidential candidate. On the other hand, Senator John McCain was nominated for the Republican presidential candidate and named Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Senator Biden has served as the chairman of the Senate Committee Judiciary and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and Governor Palin is the youngest and the first female governor of Alaska. The reason they were named as the vice-presidential candidate is obvious.

Senator Obama became the symbol of change to break the present condition because of his good speech supported by his youth, but his poor experience as a senator is feared as he was elected in 2004. On the other hand, Biden is a representative Democrat middle-of-the-roader who has been served as a Senator since 1973, having held important posts on the US senate.

Also, Senator McCain has large support not only from conservatives but also from liberals because of his long and bipartisan activity on the senate, but he is at the old age of 72, and he is unpopular among conservative hard liners who are normally supporters for Republican. On the other hand, Governor Palin is more popular among conservative hard liners, and she has freshness of youth and the second female vive-presidential candidate.

That is to say, though Senator McCain and Senator Obama both has the makings to reunite the United States, McCain lacks freshness and Obama lacks experience. Both vice-presidential candidates offset their partners' weak points. However, critics say that they wreck their presidential candidates' strong points by contraries. For example, there is a criticism that Senator Biden's too long experience cancels Obama's freshness. Especially, it is a big damage that Biden voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution in 2002 though Obama has been opposing the Iraq War consistently. Also, there is a criticism that it is just a image tactics to have appointed young and female Sarah Palin though she had nothing to do with the federal politics.

But in fact, Governor Palin has the biggest strong point which the other three don't have. It is the actual experience of administration as a governor. The states which constitute the United States have strong autonomy. Every state has its own constitution, and has all governmental functions except diplomacy and national defense. Therefore, governor of state has authority almost equal to leaders of independent countries. Historically, the royal road to the US presidents has been the position of governor of state, not that of senator. Senator McCain, who is strong in diplomacy and national security, and Governor Palin, who is experienced in internal administration, is ideal pair. And, female and conservative Palin will gather votes from conservative hard liners and former supporters for Hillary Clinton. Especially, the influence of the conservatives in the inland on the result of the election cannot be ignored. By Palin's appearance, McCain will gain lots of their votes.

That is to say, the range of supporters for Barack Obama will not be changed largely by his vice-presidential candidate Joseph Biden, but that for John McCain will largely change by his running mate Sarah Palin.

However, the biggest strong point of John McCain is his bipartisan activity as a senator, which is the reason he is often described as marverick. Though he is a Republican, he was rumored to be the running mate of John Kerry at the 2004 US Presidential Election. The reason is clear. He wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 commission in partnership with Democrat Senator Joseph Lieberman, passed the Feingold-McCain Act that restrains political donation by company with Democrat Senator Russel Feingold by industry, and wrote the legislation that included legalization of illegal immigrants with representative Democrat liberal Senator Edward Kennedy, who has been strong supporter for Barack Obama since the presidential primary. As you see above, McCain has shown what the reunification of the United States is like through his actual action.

On the other hand, Barack Obama started the negative campaign by referring to Palin as "a pig wearing lipstick", which he forbade to himself though he is popular for his speech advocating change and reunification of the country. Furthermore, he has no experience of writing legislation because he spent half of his career as a senate since 2004 for the presidential campaign. Obama is said to be a second Kennedy, but John F. Kennedy had totally 14-year experience as a congressman and a senate. Especially, his active contribution of investigating the connection between the labor union and organized crime under the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, or the McClellan Committee, is notable. Therefore, there is a great difference between Barack Obama and John Kennedy in regard of experience.

From above, I came to conclusion that John McCain will win over Barack Obama.

The US Presidential Election II - The Second Coming of the Nightmare of 40 Years Ago?

In October 27, two white men was arrested for planning the assassination of Senator Barack Obama, the US Democrat candidate for president. In this article, I will discuss the fear of the assassination of Senator Barack Obama.

In May 23, 2008, Senator Hillary Clinton, who was a candidate for the Democrat presidential primary, made a big mistake. At that time, she seemed likely to lose. When she was asked the reason to continue her campaign, she answered that it was also June that Bobby Kennedy was killed.

Bobby Kennedy means former Attorney General Robert Kennedy, who ran for the US presidential election of 40 years ago, and was assassinated just before the Democratic National Convention, where he was believed to be nominated for the Democrat presidential candidate. To be sure, the situation of the election is similar to that of 40 years ago. In 1968, the United States stuck in the mud of the Vietnam War, the world's trust in the US was lost, the sharp drop of the dollar and the depression because of the escalation of the war cost tore the United States. As a result of combination of the anti-war movement and the civil right movement, riots happened all over the country every day.

It was then that Bobby announced his candidacy at the young age of 43 advocating the unification of the country and the immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. His experience as a Senator was just 3 and half years, but he had a record as the Attorney General of exercising all authority of the Federal Government to solve the racial problem under the Kennedy Administration.  So he had big supports from wide range of races. He was assassinated in June 5, just after winning the largest state California primary, which ensured the nomination for the Democrat presidential candidate.

It is obvious that such situation is very similar to that where Barack Obama appeared on the presidential election. Now US's international position is declining because of the deadlock of the Iraq War, and the country is almost under disruption. In such condition, Barack Obama appeared on the stage at the young age of 46 advocating the unification of the country and the immediate withdrawal from Iraq. Furthermore, he has the racial handicap that he is the first Afro-American presidential candidate. It is because Obama has the quality common to Jack and Bobby Kennedy that the members of the Kennedy family and the former aides under the Kennedy Administration announce their supports for him.

Then, How strong is the possibility of the assassination of Barack Obama? The answer is it is very bare. To be sure, the situation is very similar to that of 40 years ago. However, the United States has largely changed for 40 years. The assassination of Kennedy brothers, Martin Luther King, and the racial problem are now remembered as nightmares in the American modern history. Most of the American people think that those events were blots in history which must not be recurred. And Politicians and government officials has the same feeling. If the same things recur, the world's trust in the US will surely collapse. Nobody in the US hopes such thing.

Of course, as there are fanatics in every country, there are the groups that aim at the assassination of Obama for the racial reason. At this time, however, the resolution of the United States will not allow them.

The US Presidential Election I - Why Americans Refused Hillary Clinton

Probably many people could expect that result at the time of new year. June 3, 2008, Senetor Barack Obama obtained enough delegates to ensure the nomination of the Democrat candidate for the President of the United States, winning over Senator Hillary Clinton, who had been rumored to be the most potential Democrat candidate since early time. The reason for the result is obvious, taking it into consideration what kind of leadership the United States needs now.


The George W. Bush Administration started the Iraq War and it has been prolonged for five years contrary to President Bush's expectation. As a result, there has arisen a serious crack between Democrats and Republicans. The original American political style is a straight and bipartisan discuss at least on diplomacy and national security however severely Democrats and Republican conflict with each other on domestic affairs. However, the traditional style has broken since the Republican Bush administration started the Iraq War forcibly dividing public opinion and it reached a deadlock. Now there is a serious conflictions which can be described only as emotional between Democrats and Republicans. The situation where both sides do not even bend their ear to each other's opinions is a serious crisis in the US politics because the essence of democracy is a honest and straight discussion.


What we need in such a time is the leadership which can reunite and restore the United States to the original state. Senator John McCain, the Republican presumptive nominee, and Senator Barack Obama, the Democrat presumptive nominee, both have the makings of such kind of the leadership. Senator McCain is famous for his stance as a maverick in the Republican Party; he is the most straight and honest critic to the Republican Administration and he dares to bring a bill in cooperation with a Democrat for what he thinks is right.


Senator Obama has accomplished the attitude not to utilize the negative campaigning during the presidential primaries though it has been proved to be a effecive in past presidential elections. It is a famous story that when some member of his election staff used the negative campaigning against Senator Hillary Clinton, Senator Obama scolded him furiously. Also during the 2004 United States Presidential Election, he delivered a kenote address at the Democratic National Convention saying "There's not a liberal America and a conservative America - there's the United States of America. There's not a black America and white America and Latino America and Asian America; there's the United States of America." to win many American's sympathy. As you can see, both Senator McCain and Senator Obama are the statesmen whom the United States needs now. It is natural that the Los Angeles Times announced its support for Senator McCain, as the Republican candidate, and for Senator Obama, as the Democrat candidate, at the time of February 1, 2008.


On the other hand, how about former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee, who was regarded as a fly-by-night candidate at first but later put up a good fight and was flattered as "Huckbee sensation", and Senator Hillary Clinton, who had been regarded as the most potential candidate for President since early time? The reason for Huckabee's good fight was just that his extreme Christian right stance which rejected induced abortion, same-sex marriage, and even Darwin's theory of evolution was supported by the most conservative Republicans. Also, Senator Hillary Clinton is a such politician that mercilessly criticizes those who have different opinion and asserts herself aggressively. Therefore there are many people who dislike her completely while she has some enthusiastic supporters, like George W. Bush. After all, Mike Huckbee and Hillary Clinton are both the politician such that cannot reunite the United States but may divide it further. At least, the United States does not need them now.


It was because Theodore C. Sorensen, a member of the Partnership for a Secure America, or PSA, announced his support for Barack Obama at the time of July, 2007 that I believed firmly that Barack Obama would win over Hillary Clinton. PSA is the American bipartisan organization on diplomacy and national security which was founded in 2005 to restore the bipartisan cooperation which had been fading away since the Iraq War, whose co-chair and co-founder is former Representative Lee Hamiliton, who served as the Democratic co-chair of the Iraq Study Group. The fact that A member of the PSA, which aims for birartisan cooperation, stands for Barack Obama means that he is hoped to unify the United States by the professionals in diplomacy and national security.


Also, Theodore Sorensen had been one of the most influential John F. Kennedy's right-arm even called "JFK's alter ego" since JFK was a Senator. He also worked energeticly as the campaign strategist for Robert F. Kennedy during his campaign for President in 1968. The present United States is said to be confronted by the biggest crisis since the Vietnam War. But it has the past which it should model after. In 1968, just 40 years ago, Robert F. Kennedy run for President calling for reunification of the nation which had been divided thgouth the mud of Vietnam and he won a vast range of support.


There is an episode which shows RFK's courage. It was April 1968 when Martin Luther King, Jr., the gratest leader in the American civil rights movement, was shot and killed. RFK was going to deliver a speech for his primary campaign at the black town ship in Indianapolis. However, there was arising a hatred toward whites among blacks because of the assassination of MLK. Police and supporters advice him to cancel the speech but he ignored it and started an impromptu speech.


"What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence or lawlessness; but is love and wisdom, and compassion toward one another, and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country, whether they be white or they be black.

So I shall ask you tonight to return home, to say a prayer for the family of Martin Luther King, that's true, but more importantly to say a prayer for our own country, which all of us love--a prayer for understanding and that compassion of which I spoke.

We can do well in this country. We will have difficult times; we've had difficult times in the past; and we will have difficult times in the future. It is not the end of violence; it is not the end of lawlessness; it is not the end of disorder.

But the vast majority of white people and the vast majority of black people in this country want to live together, want to improve the quality of our life, and want justice for all human beings who abide in our land."


At that night, Indianapolis kept calm while other cities all over the United States were caught up in riots.

He was to be shot and killed when he was about to obtain the nomination for the Democratic candidate but it was said that his overwhelming victory in the presidential election in November was obvious. Theodore Sorensen had been watching RFK and now he stands for Barack Obama.

Not only Theodore Sorensen. It was Kennedy family's movement to support Barack Obama that I especially paid attention to. The top is one of the Kennedy Brother, Senator Edward Kennedy, who is the exponent of Democratic liberal. And the others are Caroline Kennedy, the daughter of JFK, and Maria Shriver, a niece of JFK and RFK (also the wife of Govenor Arnold Schwarzenegger). It was because they saw the quality common to JFK and RFK in Barack Obama that they, who know the spirit of the Kennedy Brother well, moved to support him.

The trigger of the movement by Kennedy family was that Hillary Clinton defamed Barack Obama with her husband Bill Clinton during the primary campaign. It ended in her defeat.